Reasons Why Investment Trusts Trade at a Discount The WritePass Journal

Reasons Why Investment Trusts Trade at a Discount Unique Reasons Why Investment Trusts Trade at a Discount Unique IntroductionReasons for limiting Investment TrustsMisestimating the Net Asset Value (NAV)Agency Costs and Managerial AbilityTaxesInvestor SentimentConclusion ReferencesRelated Unique The way that venture trusts and close-end assets by and large exchange at a markdown has inspired discussions among money related researchers and experts, frequently alluded to as the shut end puzzle. In light of this, this paper investigates and clarifies a portion of the reasons that speculation confides in exchange at a markdown. It additionally gives an inside and out clarification of qualities of close-finished assets and conditions that lead to the order of the offer cost as either a markdown or a premium. Speculation believes exchanging at a rebate are those exchanging at costs that are beneath their net resource esteem. Those exchanging at a cost higher than the net resource esteem are considered as being sold including some hidden costs. A portion of the fundamental reasons that are investigated in this paper incorporate erroneous conclusion of the net resource estimations of the speculation trust, charges on acknowledged capital increases, office costs, administrative capac ities and financial specialist assumption. Indeed, even with the clarifications that are given in this paper, the shut end subsidize prize riddle keeps on being bantered upon and investigated. Presentation The way that speculation trusts regularly exchange at a markdown is an angle that has attracted interests from scholastics and experts the field of fund. To have a superior comprehension of these reasons, it is perfect to give a thorough meaning of venture trusts. Speculation believes, which are commonplace to the United Kingdom, are characterized by Barnhart and Rosenstein (2010) as kinds of venture firms that are shaped with the essential point of holding protections for different organizations and the acquisition of capital from the open issue of offers exchanging on the securities exchange. They are likewise alluded to as shut end reserves since they just offer a fixed amount of offers that new financial specialists can buy from previously existing investors (Hartzell et al., 2006). The costs of portions of venture trusts are controlled by the powers of flexibly and request in the offer market. As an outcome, there are episodes where the cost of an offer may either be higher or l ower than its net resource esteem. At whatever point an offer exchanges at a value that is higher than its net resource esteem, it is viewed as exchanging including some built-in costs. Actually, if an offer exchanges at a worth that is bring down that its net resource esteem, it is viewed as exchanging at a rebate (Berk Stanton, 2007). In such manner, this report means to talk about reasons why they exchange at a rebate. Purposes behind limiting Investment Trusts One principle normal for speculation trusts and shut end assets when all is said in done is the way that they are lasting capital endeavors and along these lines, the shares’ flexibly is fixed (Chan et al., 2008). Various endeavors that have been made by analysts and professionals to clarify the venture trust limits, and have brought about clashing outcomes, normally alluded to as the shut end support puzzle. Despite the fact that these assets are known to exchange at limits, it is imperative to take note of that recently opened venture trusts and shut end assets all in all, generally start exchanging including some hidden costs of around 10% of their net resource esteem. After their underlying premium exchanging, they move towards exchanging at a rebate that is at normal pace of 10% inside the initial 120 days. After which, limits stay significant. On the off chance that shut end reserves are shut or ended, there is an expansion in their offer costs, which thus wipes out the existent limits (Cherkes et al., 2009). Clarifications for speculation trust limits that have been made by analysts incorporate the danger of liquidity, the past and future exhibition of offers available and the miscount of the fund’s net resource esteem. Speculator feeling is likewise another purpose behind markdown exchanging venture trusts (Yanran Liyan, 2007). This segment plans to give a more top to bottom conversation of these reasons. Misestimating the Net Asset Value (NAV) This explanation has been brought up by Halkos and Krintas (2006), who contend that such errors of the NAV can result from a potential aggregation of capital additions illiquid resources that had not been figured it out. The motivation behind why assets with high capital thanks that have been hidden should exchange at a limited offer cost is that expected holders of such finances will accept a potential expense risk. In an examination that was completed by Kousenidis et al. (2011) on the impact of liquidity on shut end reserves, he built up that there is a chance of illiquid resources for be exchanged at a markdown to give higher anticipated returns. On the side of mistake of NAV estimation as an explanation behind limits in shut end support exchanging, Yanran and Liyan(2007)suggested that when shut end finances own enormous sums illiquid resources or confined stock that are not reasonably exchanging the market, their NAVs can neglect to give an exact impression of their actual worth. As a result of this, the offers may either exchange at a lower or higher incentive than the NAV. Speculation trust limits are likewise influenced by confined stock property. Notwithstanding, given that such possessions are frequently very little or at a zero worth, they don't hold as legitimate purposes behind venture confides in exchanging at a rebate. For speculation trusts, there is normally no affirmation that there will consistently be an accessible market. Subsequently, this absence of a guaranteed reclamation of offers makes their valuation to be limited. What's more, venture believes that hold moderately fluid protections are esteemed lower than their net resource esteems (NAVs) at the commercial center (Cherkes et al., 2009). Setting up suitable measures to stay away from erroneous conclusion of the trust net resource esteem is fundamental to settle this issue. Office Costs and Managerial Ability Limits in shut end assets could be an impression of horrible showing in the administration of the store or a cheat of the executives expenses (Bradley et al., 2010). Office expenses may likewise fluctuate as indicated by the office issues or clashes that may happen because of various interests among specialists and directors. Administrative capacities have likewise been recorded by scientists as being among the primary factors that decide if speculation trusts can exchange at a higher cost than normal or a markdown. The hypothesis that speculation trusts can exchange at a markdown if the supervisors charge an expense was initially proposed by Boudreaux in 1973 (Berk Stanton, 2007). He recommended that if support chiefs charge financial specialists an expense yet neglect to increase the value of their ventures, at that point the estimation of the store is probably going to be not as much as its NAV. For a situation where administrators increase the value of the speculation trust, the motivation behind why it may exchange at a markdown is when speculators are made to accept that the funds’ directors are bad at contributing their assets. In the event that financial specialists accept that their cash is being overseen by individuals who are acceptable at choosing feasible ventures, at that point the store will exchange at a higher cost than expected. In an exploration completed on the responsibility for end reserves Cherkes et al.(2009) set up that venture trusts with bigger level of insider possession are probably going to exchange at higher limits. This is on the grounds that speculators of assets that are selling at higher limits have a possibility of accepting bonus gains on the off chance that the assets experience prompt liquidation at their net resource esteem. He likewise settled that higher cost proportions lead to higher limits of assets since the executives charges are considered as being deadweight misfortunes. In this way, limits are utilized to speak to the capitalization of the administration charges esteem. The executives of trusts additionally influences their future exhibitions in the market, which likewise decide if speculation trusts are to be exchanged at a markdown or premium. Halkos and Krintas (2006) contend that in situations where speculation trusts are overseen in an exceptionally proficient way and with a positive reputation, speculators may have the will to pay a premium for a portion of the assets. This is likewise because of the way that such trusts are regularly expected to keep up their boss exhibitions in future. Then again, reserves that are relied upon to fail to meet expectations in the market are required to be exchanged at higher limits, fundamentally in light of the doubt that potential speculators may have for the store (Berk Stanton, 2007). Estimation of future execution of venture trusts should be possible by looking at patterns in the NAV, which are assessed on a successive premise. It should likewise be possible by assessing the administrative abilities of t he store. It very well may be along these lines contended that speculation believes whose administration has a decent notoriety will in general perform well in the market and in this way, exchange at a higher cost than normal. Despite what might be expected, inadequately oversaw trusts neglect to flourish in the market and in this manner, are probably going to exchange at a rebate. Duties Another motivation behind why speculation believes exchange at a rebate is charges. As indicated by Jin(2006), full duties on the acknowledged capital additions of a store are paid for by the current investors, despite the fact that the most noteworthy level of their benefits was aggregated before the financial specialists purchased the offers. In light of this, it very well may be contended that finances whose gathered increases are enormous should exchange at a cost lower than their NAVs additionally recommends that venture believes that have a high energy about hidden capital sell at limits since holders of such assets accept potential assessment liabilities that rely upon the holding times of the speculators. Berk and Stanton (2007) set that limits in shut end reserves are mostly brought about by the way that financial specialists typically lose significant chances to exchange charge due to holding partakes in shut end reserves. A portion of the assessment exchanging approaches i ncorporate individual portfolio development. On looking at B

World Court of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Court of Justice - Essay Example Tending to the whole meeting of the UN General Assembly in 1999, the then President of the International Court of Justice, Judge Stephen M. Schwebel referenced that issues like quiet settlement of worldwide questions, demobilization and the law of war, were examined at the First Hague Peace Conference in 1899. In 1907, at the second Hague Peace Conference the production of a perpetual court of worldwide equity was proposed. In any case, this proposition didn't come through as the individuals differ on the system for the choice of judges. With the beginning of the First World War, this proposition took a rearward sitting arrangement. Afterward, it was under the League of Nations that the Permanent Court of International Justice, or the primary world court was set up in 1922. (Schwebel, 1999). The Second World War denoted the finish of this court and its last hearing was held in February, 1940. (Lasting Court of International Justice (PCIJ) The International Court of Justice follows the systems spread out in its Statute, and in the Rules of Court received by it under the Statute. This remembers a composed stage for which the gatherings record and trade pleadings, and an oral stage comprising of formal reviews at which specialists and guidance address the Court. After the oral procedures, the Court ponders in-camera, and afterward conveys its judgment at an open sitting.

Essay --

Parole and probation programs have been planned as options in contrast to the restriction of a jail cell. The projects have been made for the bit of wrongdoers who don't represent a risk to open security. In the year 2008, the normal day by day cost for management of a probationer or parolee was about $4. The normal every day cost to house a prisoner was about $80. Clearly, if the individual was not a hazard to the network they ought to be set in these projects as opposed to be placed in jail and suck citizens dry. In the event that a guilty party is set on parole or probation there are two different ways they can wind up in jail; perpetrating another wrongdoing or breaking states of their probation. Realities demonstrate that life in jail without the chance for further appeal is quick, severe, and explicit discipline. Those sentenced to life have been condemned to terminate in jail. Between three unique states figures fluctuated from $18,000 to $26,000. Capital punishment and life i n jail are far more costly than putting guilty parties who are not dangers to society in programs like parole and probation. Parole and Probation versus Imprisonment Costs Projects, for example, parole and probation have been acquainted as options with imprisonment. These projects are intended for guilty parties who are not viewed as a danger to society. Parole is regularly conceded towards the finish of a sentence and probation ordinarily instead of one, but since the association is over-burden, monetarily shaky, and thoughtlessly oversaw, it frequently works just as a feeder association, ensuring jail cells won't be vacant for long. In reality, as per a report incorporated by the Pew Center for the States parole violators represented over 33% of all jail affirmations in 2005 and a large portion of the US jai... ..., California amassed $2,636 per person. The cost of probation and parole are fundamentally littler than the costs of imprisonment (Carlie, 2002). Actually there are a few wrongdoers who are in an ideal situation being set go into the network waiting on the post trial process and parole and helps set aside citizens hard earned cash. Capital punishment is far progressively costly, tedious with little achievement, and puts honest individuals in question. An existence without the chance for further appeal gives quick, unforgiving, and explicit discipline. It supplies legality to overcomers of homicide casualties. Condemning perilous wrongdoers to existence without the chance for further appeal is the most sensible option for general security and any victim’s families. For guilty parties who don't represent a danger to the overall population ought to be put waiting on the post trial process or parole to help set aside cash that can be utilized for progressively valuable things inside the state. Paper - Parole and probation programs have been planned as options in contrast to the repression of a jail cell. The projects have been made for the segment of guilty parties who don't represent a danger to open wellbeing. In the year 2008, the normal day by day cost for management of a probationer or parolee was about $4. The normal day by day cost to house a detainee was about $80. Clearly, if the individual was not a hazard to the network they ought to be set in these projects as opposed to be placed in jail and suck citizens dry. On the off chance that a wrongdoer is set on parole or probation there are two different ways they can wind up in jail; carrying out another wrongdoing or penetrating states of their probation. Realities demonstrate that life in jail without the chance for further appeal is quick, severe, and explicit discipline. Those sentenced to life have been condemned to terminate in jail. Between three unique states figures fluctuated from $18,000 to $26,000. Capital punis hment and life in jail are far more costly than setting wrongdoers who are not dangers to society in programs like parole and probation. Parole and Probation versus Detainment Costs Projects, for example, parole and probation have been acquainted as options with detainment. These projects are intended for guilty parties who are not viewed as a danger to society. Parole is ordinarily conceded towards the finish of a sentence and probation regularly instead of one, but since the association is over-burden, monetarily insecure, and recklessly oversaw, it frequently works just as a feeder association, ensuring jail cells won't be abandoned for long. All things considered, as indicated by a report incorporated by the Pew Center for the States parole violators represented over 33% of all jail affirmations in 2005 and a large portion of the US jai... ..., California gathered $2,636 per person. The cost of probation and parole are essentially littler than the costs of imprisonment (Carlie, 2002). Actually there are a few wrongdoers who are in an ideal situation being set go into the network waiting on the post trial process and parole and helps set aside citizens hard earned cash. Capital punishment is far progressively costly, tedious with little achievement, and puts blameless individuals in question. An existence without the chance for further appeal gives quick, brutal, and explicit discipline. It supplies legitimateness to overcomers of homicide casualties. Condemning risky guilty parties to existence without any chance to appeal is the most sensible option for general security and any victim’s families. For wrongdoers who don't represent a risk to the overall population ought to be put waiting on the post trial process or parole to help set aside cash that can be utilized for increasingly valuable things inside the state.

The Internal Environment Analysis Wyndham Worldwide

Wyndham Case Study Executive Summary As a primary worldwide provider of travel-related services such as rentals, lodging, conference facilities, and timeshare exchange, Wyndham Worldwide has overcome inconsistent branding strategy, unstable mergers, and acquisitions, as well as the 2008 economic recession to retain its top position in the industry. An internal and external analysis of the company, opportunities, and threats faced by the firm, its competitive advantage, and a strategic focus reveal the issues that need to be addressed henceforth for it to remain relevant in an increasingly competitive global market. The paper provides a problem statement, alternatives, and recommendations that Wyndham Worldwide can engage. The internal environment analysis focuses on current marketing strategy and performance, present and anticipated organizational resources, current and projected cultural and structural issues, and the customer environment. On the other hand, the external environment addressed competition, economic growth and stability, political trends, Legal and Regulatory Issues, technological advancements, sociocultural trends, and the SWOT analysis. The internal environment revealed that the company embraces stakeholder orientation marketing. Customer environment showed that Wyndham caters for a broad spectrum of customers for varied needs and with varied prices. The external environment revealed that the major events that are likely to affect the business are the U.S.Show MoreRelatedMarketing And Distribution Strategies Of Wyndham Worldwide1627 Words   |  7 Pagesdistribution strategies of Wyndham Worldwide. The term distribution strategy relates to all plans necessary to make finished products available to target customers when where and how they want (Bayus, 2015). This report focuses on various components such as the external opportunities and threats, internal strengths and weaknesses, and assumptions. 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Short Story - 1146 Words

â€Å"Hurry up, you idiot! If were late they wont let us in till intermission, and you know Aithusa will be devastated if we miss her part!† Merlin was fussing with his clothes in front of the bedroom mirror, looking horribly uncomfortable in the suit Arthur had ordered for him. â€Å"I know, I know,† he said in a huff of exasperation, fiddling with his tie before trying to get his jacket to sit properly on his shoulders. â€Å"But we wouldnt actually tell her wed missed it. Its not like we havent seen her practice a hundred times. And with all the kids in their mice costumes you cant tell who is who anyway. I tried to give Aithusa a high five after the dress rehearsal, but it was Kara, staring at me with such a frightened look youd have thought†¦show more content†¦Aithusa had seen videos of them in their pointe shoes and tutus, dancing with the â€Å"handsome pwince† and couldnt wait to be just like her aunties. 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Childhood Obesity Essay - 2386 Words

Childhood Obesity Introduction The past several decades have seen an escalating trend in the rate of childhood obesity not only in the United States where 25%-30% of children are affected, but also in many of the industrialized nations. Childhood obesity has continued to be a major issue in the public health care system. The economic cost of the medical expenses as well as the lost income resulting from the complications of obesity both in children and adults has been estimated at almost $100 billion (Barnes, 2011). Overweight children are more predisposed to the danger of becoming overweight in their adulthood unless they ensure healthier eating habits and exercise. It is worth noting that the current lifestyle in which many children†¦show more content†¦Greek physicians are credited for making the observation that infertility and infrequent menses in women was caused by obesity. About five centuries after Hippocrates, Galen who was a Roman physician made a distinction between immoderate and moderate for ms of obesity. It is supposed that the immoderate form was an anticipation of what is currently classified as morbid obesity (Bray, 2009). Though clinical observations made in the ancient times had brought to light the risk of diabetes and sudden death associated with obesity, the significance of excess mortality and morbidity caused by obesity has only received full appreciation more recently. Data obtained as early as 1901 indicated that people with excess weight, particularly around the abdomen had a shortened life expectancy. Further systematic studies have confirmed this risk and these results led to the World Health Organization classifying obesity on the basis of increasing BMI (Bray, 2009). Epidemiology According to the statistics gathered since the 1960s, the prevalence of childhood obesity has been on the rise with the years between the 1980s and 1990s indicating a three times increase from nearly 5% to almost 15% for both children and teens (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011, p. 42). The National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) have been conducting studies on the prevalenceShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Obesity1247 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Review to Prevent the Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity in Our Community. The rates of childhood obesity Worldwide are alarmingly high! Obesity is a global nutritional concern and leads to horrible consequences on our children and becomes a worldwide pandemic. Worldwide estimates of obesity are as high as 43 million, and rates continue to increase each year. 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Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition which considers a child to be obese if their Body Mass Index (BMI) is at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex. (Rendall., Weden, Lau, Brownell, Nazarov Fernandes, 2014). Obesity is on a rise in the Unites States and all over the worldRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity1599 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The problem is global and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income families particularly in the United States. The socioeconomic status of these families contributes to the childhood obesity epidemic. Summary of Article 1 The article, â€Å"Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Feeding and Childhood Obesity among Mothers of Lower Socioeconomic Status† is a study that was conducted by Alison KalinowskiRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesFight to End Obesity Childhood obesity has increased drastically over the past years and has become a health risk to children. In fact, childhood obesity has doubled in numbers in the past thirty years (Childhood Obesity Facts). Obesity occurs when an individual becomes overweight and can be diagnosed by using the body mass index or BMI scale. Obesity causes many diseases in children which cannot be cured without a doctor, in result, childhood obesity drives high health care costs. The existenceRead MoreChildhood Obesity and Its Effect1260 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is considered to be a serious issue among our youth. Obesity can cause many types of physical problems, which most are aware of, but it can also cause some undesirable internal feelings within children and adolescents who suffer from it. Self-esteem, or self-worth, is important as it helps develop personality and is a major ingredient to our mental health status (Wang, F. and Veugelers, P. J., 2008). Some have said obesity may e ven have a negative effect on cognitive developmentRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The Adolescent Essay3626 Words   |  15 PagesChildhood Obesity: The Adolescent The Finale Paper Presented to: GEN499: General Education Capstone Instructor: Robert Bass Ashford University By: Ranita Wallace March 27, 2015 Childhood Obesity: The Adolescent Obesity is a growing health problem. Obesity is when individuals are overweight, it causes health problems and is a threat to their lives. Usually obesity is a result from over eating and lack of exercise. Obesity is the cause of many health problems such as diabetesRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to a 2010 report by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of childhood obesity has more than tripled in the past thirty years. As well as having an impact on health, studies have cited a relationship between obesity and poor school performance as well as a child’s readiness for learning and education. This can be correlated with studies finding â€Å"obese children have a greater risk of social and psychological problems, such as discrimination and poor self-esteem†Read MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity1505 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity Introduction Childhood Obesity has become more critical public health issue worldwide. However, obesity ratio varies from country to country. In addition, up to a quarter of Australian children are suffering from childhood obesity and obese children are at higher risk to become obese adult. For this reason, child’s weight always matters because it can impact on their health in future. There may be many reasons which affect childhood obesity including sedentary life style, lack ofRead MoreObesity : Childhood Obesity And Obesity955 Words   |  4 Pageswhere the life expectancy of today’s generation is being threatened. Prevention of overweight and obesity is imperative. Parents, especially mothers play a major role in preventing overweight and obesity among the children. Their knowledge of nutrition, food selection and family meal structure has major impact on their children’s food habit. The preschool age is crucial for the children to learn and develop their lifelong hab its. Education starts from home, where parents are the primary source

Battle Royal Essay Research Paper Battle RoyalBattle free essay sample

Battle Royal Essay, Research Paper ? Battle Royal? ? Battle Royal, ? by Ralph Ellison was a really hard piece of literature for me to understand. As a small background information, Ellison was really much into music ( 228 ) . He was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on March 1, 1914 ( 221 ) . Different subjects are presented throughout this short narrative, which reflect different positions that Ellison had at the clip that he wrote this essay. One male child is invited to talk at local work forces? s nine where he will present his graduation address. As I go on, I will discourse the nature of the short narrative and how it affected me. The storyteller? s position of this full state of affairs at the work forces? s nine is sort of mortifying which will subsequently put the phase for events that will go on in his hereafter. Black people are viewed different in this clip period and the storyteller does non understand near the terminal of the narrative. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle Royal Essay Research Paper Battle RoyalBattle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The storyteller looks up to his gramps. He told the storyteller? s male parent to maintain up the battle. The male parent so tells the storyteller what the gramps told him. This was merely being passed down through the different coevalss. This to me shows the loving relationship that the grandson and the gramps portion. Near the terminal of the narrative nevertheless, his gramps? s presence scares him to decease. The gramps? s advice was a small excessively much for the storyteller to manage. ? Live with your caput in the king of beasts? s oral cavity? get the better of them with yeses? allow? em swoller you till they vomit. ? This scares the male child. These last words that his gramps tells him makes him experience like that there is a expletive hovering over him. The household being black had a harder clip turning up than the more affluent white folks did. He wrote a graduation address that wholly went against his gramps? s words that he gave the storyteller. The town? s? prima wh ite people? loved the address and asked him to present it at a local hotel in the dance hall. This starts a? revolution? in the storyteller? s life. The people at the hotel make the storyteller experience really uncomfortable. This group of? town? s functionaries? turned out to be the local work forces? s nine. They were smoking and imbibing, paying no attending to what the invitees have to state. The leaders of the nine are more interested in the amusement. At that clip, they could hold cared less what the storyteller had to state. They had a adult female to come out and? entertain? them. I feel that this is dry because this showed how the male part of the society reacted to certain signifiers of amusement. While their married womans were likely at place be givening the kids, these work forces at this nine were killing all the self-respect and regard that the storyteller had at that clip. By and large around the 1950s work forces would sit around old barbershops and state their? large narratives? about how they caught the biggest one yet. Womans had their span nine and besides their garden nine that kept them busy throughout the twenty-four hours. This was a manner for many work forces to loosen up after a difficult twenty-four hours at work. Harmonizing to Mack Warren, a local Barber in my hometown, he states that? tellin? narratives was more than merely a avocation for many work forces back in the 50? s, it was a manner for them to acquire off from the emphasiss of mundane life. ? The pride in them ( the people of that epoch ) helped find the manner of the state today. It helped find the manner their kids and grandchildren live today. The narrato R being black had a difficult clip recognizing what the people there were making. He was being mocked without him even cognizing it. Bing black in this clip period was really hard for the storyteller because he wasn? T looked upon every bit much as the white people his same age. This was non the instance for some other work forces. Of class some had to be perverse in some manner or manner. They got their pleasance from scenes such as the adult female terpsichorean in? Battle Royal. ? The work forces at the? tobacco user? bask this signifier of amusement with their drinks and cigars. The storyteller has to sit through all of this. I think that this scene humiliates the writer. He is being subjected to things beyond his control and things he had no pick to see. This was a inexpensive and mortifying signifier of amusement. The dancing adult female was non the lone signifier of amusement that dark. All the? invitees? invited to this event had to be used as a signifier of amusement besides. Each of them were? stripped? of their self-respect by being blindfolded. They ( the invitees ) did non cognize if they were about to be hit or slapped. They had no thought what was traveling to go on to them. Punching and contending commenced and blood was shed. The storyteller got a blow to the oculus. It became conceited. Peoples were hurt and shouting. The work forces at the nine could make no more to wholly sock the self-respect and pride that the invitees had built up all their life. I think that this episode represents portion of what the gramps had to state on his deathbed. He was fundamentally allowing other work forces command what he did. This makes the storyteller recognize that what he had in his bosom was now gone and that his gramps was right all along. He knew that this is non what he believed in. The w hite work forces were utilizing the black adolescents as a signifier of amusement. This was incorrect. After the whippings, the? work forces? threw money in the centre of the floor and made the invitees fight for it. Whoever got it foremost got to maintain it. This type of? Canis familiaris battle? was another humiliating factor for the storyteller. Everyone fought for himself. After all of this humiliation, the storyteller eventually got to declaim his graduation address. The crowd was still express joying at him and all the others that had been viciously beaten. He gave his well-written address with some quaking in his voice. The crowd really began to listen to him while he delivered his address. They started to listen when he said responsible. After the address was over, the adult male over the? work forces? s nine? came up and praised him. To me, this was really dry because why would they make that to person and so praise him for a occupation good done? I am believing that possibly they did this merely to prove his forbearance and pride. It paid away because one of the white work forces gave him a brief instance with a papers inside of it. The papers was a scholarship to the State College for Negroes. The storyteller was enraptured. He so had a dream that dark. He dreamed about what his gramps had said earlier. He awoke with express joying in his ear. H e had no thought what it meant at that clip. This incident with the whipping made him recognize that he can stand up for himself and other people in bend doing him a better individual for society. He felt some better because he proved them incorrect. Black work forces in that clip period can do a difference and the storyteller was out to turn out it. Battle Royal by Ralph Ellison

Descartes Second Meditation Essays - Ren Descartes, Metaphysics

Descartes' Second Meditation In Meditation two, Descartes embarks on his journey of truth. It discusses how a body can perceive things, such as objects. Attempting to affirm the idea that God must exist as a fabricator for his ideas, he stumbles on his first validity: the notion that he exists. He ascertains that if he can both persuade himself of something, and likewise be deceived of something, then surely he must exist. This self-validating statement is known as the Cogito Argument. Simply put, it implies that whatever thinks must exist. Having established this, Descartes asks himself: What is this I which necessarily exists? Descartes now begins to explore his inner consciousness to find the essence of his being. He disputes that he is a rational animal for this idea is difficult to understand. He scrutinizes whether perhaps he is a body infused with a soul but this idea is dismissed since he cannot be certain of concepts that are of the material world. Eventually he focuses on the act of thinking and from this he posits: I am a thing that thinks. A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, and that also imagines and senses. To prove that perception on the part of the mind is more real than that of the senses Descartes asks us to consider a piece of wax. Fresh from the comb the qualities we attribute to the wax are those derived from the senses. Melted, the qualities that we attribute to the wax are altered and can only be known to the intellect. Descartes demonstrates how the information from the senses gives us only the observable, it is the mind that allows us to understand. The results of the second meditation are considerable, doubt has both proven the certainty of Descartes existence and that his essence is the mind. Philosophy Essays

The Cask of Amontilado essays

The Cask of Amontilado essays  ¡Ã‚ °The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge. ¡ So begins The Cask of Amontillado, Poe ¡Ã‚ ¯s horrifying tale of pride and retribution. Told by Monstresor, this story tells of how he lured his friend Fortunato into literally walking into his own grave. From the opening sentence the reader can perceive that Monstresor is proud and vengeful, and would do anything to save face. As the story progresses, Monstresor unravels the chilling tale of how he got his revenge, though vengence had been taken when no real offense had been given. In the midst of a great carnival Monstresor approaches Fortunato, claiming he has purchased a cask of Amontillado. He goes on to say that he doubted the authenticity of the wine, and was on his way to Luchresi ¡Ã‚ ¯s to ask him to taste it.  ¡Ã‚ °[Fortunato] prided himself on his connoisseurship of wine. ¡ This pride eventually leads to his downfall, for he criticized Luchresi ¡Ã‚ ¯s, saying he  ¡Ã‚ °cannot tell Amontillado from Sherry. ¡ Thus Fortunato accompanies Monstresor to the latter ¡Ã‚ ¯s family vault, where the nonexistent Amontillado was being stored. The vault, deep underneath the Monstresor estate, is  ¡Ã‚ °insufferably damp ¡ and  ¡Ã‚ °encrusted with nitre. ¡ The way Poe describes these catacombs further accentuates the morbidness of the situation.  ¡Ã‚ °We passed through a range of low arches, descended, passed on, and descending again, arriving at a deep crypt, in which the foulness of the air caused our flambeaux rather to glow than flame. ¡ The ominous tone of this story is characteristic of the gothic style of writing. Poe uses a good deal of symbolism in this story. For example, the Monstresor family coat of arms is  ¡Ã‚ °a huge human foot d ¡Ã‚ ¯or, in a field azure; the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose ...

Policing diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Policing diversity - Essay Example Remember, the log is an assessed piece of work. You are expected to dedicate at least one hour each week to writing up your lecture log (this way you won’t fall behind). This ‘write-up hour’ comprises your third sociology ‘teaching and learning’ hour (in addition to your one hour lecture and one hour seminar). To help you to structure your notes, we have included sub-headings. Aims and Objectives: you should note down the main aims /objectives/ learning outcomes, of the session. Introduction: you should introduce the lecture topic and pinpoint the main sections/themes of the lecture which you will review. Section 1, Section 2, Section 3: these are here to help you think about how you can divide the lecture content into 3 main themes or blocks. We expect that you will use a minimum of 7 reference ( remember you read for your degree). The lecture log is your personal property. Take care of it. We hope you enjoy the module! The Policing Diversity Team 20 11 Lecture 1 Title: How is male domestic violence managed by multi agency support groups? Date: Aims and Objectives: The aim of this topic is to discover in what ways domestic violence against males is a neglected social issue. The objectives of this discussion are; to explore the relevance of violence against men in society, to discover how society deals with the issue, and to discover which agencies are equipped to deal with the issue when it occurs. Introduction The issue of the abuse of men within a domestic situation is rarely discussed as having a high relevance within society (Meyer-Emerick, 2001, p. 25). Because of gender definitions that tend towards the assumption of characteristics of men as framed by the concept of dominance, when men are beaten and abused there is an additional shame that they must confront within societal and cultural ideals of gender roles. Therefore, the crime often goes unreported, and when it is reported, there are little structures put into place to deal with the issue from the perspective of the needs of the male victim. Section 1: Male Victimization The history of domestic violence primarily centers on the female victim, the prevalence of male violent tendencies towards women having a dominating position in the social discourse. Therefore, agencies and structures for victim assistance are geared towards female interaction and are designed to accommodate women as they try to disengage themselves from hostile living environments. However, when a male is the victim of domestic violence, the system is without many structures in which a man can disengage from his violent home life. Therefore, the way in which the system treats a male victim of domestic abuse is as much a problem as the issue that is bound up in the socialization of social roles and the expectations of the characteristics of the genders. The dynamics of violence within the family are complex and difficult to fully define. Women’s aid groups have evidence that a woman dies at the hand of a family member every three days. Women and children have â€Å"very little power, socially, legally, or financially† and furthermore â€Å"among women aged 15-44 years gender violence accounts for more death and disability than cancer, malaria, traffic injuries or war put together† (Blundell, Griffiths and McNeill 2003, p. 56). Because of the high prevalence of male abuse against women and the perceived gender unequal balance of

Wernher Von Braun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wernher Von Braun - Essay Example Working as an assistant to a German scientist known as Hermann Oberth, Von Braun was fascinated by the experiments they carried out on liquid-fueled rockets. He pursued his ambition and dream and propelled aviation and the world beyond the humble, early stages of rocketry to the planets and the moon. He had a vision to widen mankind’s knowledge by exploring space and opening the terrestrial world to mankind. His efforts and contributions had, and continue to have, great impacts on the aviation industry and the world at large. As the leader of the team that developed Germany’s rocket program, he even drew criticism for contributing to the negativities during the second world war. This essay will address the way his work has affected and contributed to aviation and the world. Von Braun’s achievements make him the most prominent, even if not the first, spaceflight advocate and rocket engineer of the 20th century. To date, his research, dedication and hard work are s till considered the blueprint of peaceful space exploration and moon landings (Neufeld 7). His presence in the aviation industry began with the German army, and his association with the Peenemunde Rocket Center put him in the limelight of the world’s primary rocket program. At the rocket center, Von Braun and his team received more facilities than their predecessors in aviation who had designed aircraft for military purposes. After his successful launch of what was initially called the A-4 missile, the Nazi took special interest in him and started mass production, where he led the team that designed combat rockets for the army (Ward 14). The design of the rocket, later renamed V-2, was created and developed by Von Braun as the technical director of the space center. It featured a missile that carried its own oxidant as well as fuel, a key aspect in modern day aviation technology as it became the immediate model used by present day Russia and the United States in space explora tions (Neufeld 16). The downside of this development, though, was that critics have faulted him for developing weapons of mass destruction that unleashed vengeance on civilian populations (Petersen 21). However, apart from that single angle of criticism, the rest of his contributions affected aviation and the world positively, because he never intended his developments to be used against humans, as he was a staunch Christian as well. The V-2 rocket became Von Braun’s most significant contribution to the development of rocket technology (Nelson 29). It pioneered operational, guided missiles in the world under his direction, setting in motion the development of the present day space travel and ballistic missiles. Through his projects, he influenced his team to great understanding of rocket propulsion, guidance systems and aerodynamics, and his concepts are still in use to date. His work influenced the contemporary space launch vehicle and the missile expertise in the United Sta tes, China, Russia, Britain and France (Nelson 35). To mankind and the world, he contributed towards alleviating the disastrous effects of the bombings of the second world war. He was against the use of his developments to attack humanity. He voiced his opposition against war policies in Germany and led his team of scientists and their families in fleeing to the United States. The significance of the fleeing was that the mass production of the V-2 rockets in Germany could not progress much without his input, effectively cutting down the assault on civilians. This was achieved by surrendering themselves to American forces, where they were granted permission to carry on with their rocket research programs under the watch of the United States government (Petersen 19). The German space

Deontology Definition Essay Example for Free

Deontology Definition Essay Whilst Deontology has its attractions it fails to provide a reliable foundation for moral decision making Examine and evaluate this claim (30) Deontology is based upon the actions of a person, not the consequences. The word deontology is derived from the Greek word deontos. It was developed by Immanuel Kant and it is an absolutist a priori theory, the phrase a priori means it is knowable through experience and absolutist means there are fixed rules that cannot be changed. This means Kant believed the duty of the moral law was unchangeable and through experience, if everyone followed these rules the world would be a better place. Immanuel Kant wrote Critique of Pure reason in this book he devised his deontological theory of duty. He believed it is the duty of one to follow the moral law and not judge situations with feelings, inclination, love and compassion. Kant also believed that all humans seek for summum bonum which is the state when all human virtue and happiness are united. To help people on their way to moral decision Immanuel Kant devised the categorical imperative, this is in contrast to the hypothetical imperative. The hypothetical imperative normally starts sentence with an if e.g. if you wish to complete a good essay you must spend time on it, where as a categorical imperative tells you that you should do something, e.g. you should brush your teeth in the morning. This then was devised into three different rules on how to live your life; The Universal Law, Treat Humans as Ends in Themselves and Act as if you live in a Kingdom of Ends. Kants second principle in the categorical imperative, So act that you treat humanity, both in your own person and in the person of every other human being, never merely as a means, but always at the same time as an end This shows that it could be an attractive theory as it has good intentions in mind. Like many theories, Deontology has its strengths and weaknesses. One of its main strengths is that it is an absolutist theory. This means it is either intrinsically good or bad, e.g. do not commit murder. This is a major strength as it makes an easy theory people to follow. This may attract people towards the theory as it shows guidelines to follow which some people may rely on to make their moral decision making. Another reason why it may attract people is because the rules are fixed so they do not have to question the rules whether they are right or wrong them just have to obey them keeping them in a comfortable position. This makes the theory practical in everyday use and people can depend upon the theory also there is no need to do any calculations. However there are many conflicting views to this strength. One of them is how people can become dependant on the theory. If they become to dependant upon the theory and it does not help them in a situation on moral decision making they may struggle to think of what to do next. WD Ross devised the notion of prima facie duties, this means first appearance. This is when we follow our duty unless there is an overriding obligation, e.g. telling a white lie to make someone feel good about them self. This goes against the principle of duty as you must not lie but you could argue that you will feel morally good about yourself if you make another person feel good. Therefore this does not help is moral decision making as you have conflicting duties. Strength to this theory is that justice is always the absolute. This means only intrinsically right actions are accounted for. This can be seen with Kants statement of good will. it is impossible to conceive of anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which can be taken as good without qualification, except good will. This shows that only good will is the only good we can achieve from the world. By justice being an absolute it means that you cannot justify immoral actions. This is attractive because it shows that by following this theory you will not act unmorally and you will be able to reach that summum bonum as you are fulfilled with good deeds. By not being able to do any intrinsically bad actions this will make people feel it is a reliable theory because if you follow these set rules you will not harm another person. Although it seeks justice, it does not seek the best interest of the majority, this means the minority may feel that justice has been done but on the other hand the majority may feel that justice has not been served. Personally I feel by pleasing the majority I will end up with a better outcome because there will greater happiness, this links in with Utilitarianism and the greatest pleasure over the greatest pain. Another reason why this theory has its flaws is the summum bonum. The summum bonum is the ultimate fulfilment but it can only be achieved by having an immortal soul as it cannot be achieved in the lifetime. This shows links with religion, even though Kant rejected theological arguments with the existence of God. This strikes a problem because not everyone believes in God so how could you follow the theory if you do not believe in his existence. Finally it is to legalistic because it assumes everyone is a law abiding person, people have different intentions so by assuming everyone has the intention of justice is wrong. To see whether is really does fail these reliabilities; we have to compare the strengths with the weaknesses. A weakness to the theory is that there are no limits to what can be universalised. This is because in one persons state of mind something may seem perfectly fine to another persons state of mind, e.g. a chronically depressed person. They may feel suicide is perfectly acceptable. This links in with the first law of the categorical imperative Do not act on any principle that cannot be universalised. This means moral laws should be taken into account into all situations. Again this is wrong because who is to say one right action is another persons right action, this makes it very unreliable with moral decision making. However if you take into account what the majority feel is wrong or right you could come to a conclusion on universal rules. This can be seen with rules such as do not commit murder as most people do not tolerate that and it is safe to say they do not agree with it. Finally another weakness is that Immanuel Kant starts to argue now is to be done but what ought to be done, this is known as the Naturalistic Fallacy. This is a weakness because it makes people feel as he is in control and he is telling what should and shouldnt be done. This is a weakness because Kant has different agreement on morals to another agreement, again he is assuming the masses will agree with this method making unreliable. By Kant saying what ought to be done he is showing what he feels is intrinsically good and that may vary from another. On the other hand by Kant saying he ought instead of is, it shows he is laying down ground rules and some people may like this as they will have rules to follow making it a attractive and reliable moral decision making theory.

American Beauty by Sam Mendes Essay -- Film Movies

American Beauty by Sam Mendes This essay has problems with formating ï » ¿Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In American Beauty, 1999, directed by Sam Mendes, we are confronted with the permeating images that have consumed mainstream American life. Mendes exploits these images as constructions that we created around ourselves as a means of hiding our true selves. Mendes is able to implicate us in the construction and make us active viewers by exploiting our voyeuristic nature. In American Beauty Mendes uses the voyeuristic tendencies of the spectator to acknowledge the permeating constructed images. Mendes, through the use of narration, the mise en scene and cinematic techniques implicates the spectator in to using their voyeuristic tendencies to deconstruct the images in order to reveal the true image. From the start of the film the construction of images is evident.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American Beauty begins with the obvious constructed shot, shown through the use of a video camera, of a young teenage girl. The narration reveals that she wants her father dead. The image portrayed around her is constructed as an evil, unaffectionate youth. The next scene is of a high angle shot, with a voice-over narration. The voice-over goes to explain that this is Lester Burnham’s speaking and he is already dead and the following is a construction of the relevant events. This scene holds relevance for two reasons. First it constructs an image that the young teenager in the previous scene is the killer. And as we will learn by the end of the film this image is not all that it appeared to be. This is a reoccurring theme throughout the film, that these are constructed images, and to notice that there is more to the story then what appears on the surface. The high angle spanning shot of Lester’s street also holds significance for the spectator. This opening shot is quite similar to that of Alfred Hitchcock’s opening scene in Psycho. The similar t hemes is the spectators being the voyeurs. In each we are looking into the private sphere of the character. However, in American Beauty our voyeuristic nature is not shameful. The narration that accompanies the scene is allowing our voyeuristic desires to enter into the private lives without guilt or shame. Mendes as does Lester asks the spectator to be the voyeur. As well the sign on Lester’s cubicle wall is not a coincidence. Mendes is again soliciting t... ...ng against the jumbled blinds of the sliding door. The perfect symmetrical image within the mise en scene is erased in order to represent the failing images in Carolyn’s life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In American Beauty, Mendes constructs his images in order to ask the spectator to deconstruct, by looking closer. This film represents the darkness that we have allowed to seep into American culture. We have allowed ourselves to be overly concerned with the way we want to be or told we should be represented. There are too many cases of the individuals soul being lost behind a maze of faulty images. Mendes begs the spectator almost in desperation to try to see the beauty that this world has to offer. However, he is not pessimistic in his conclusions. Like the flower the film is named after we can still bloom late and the appreciation for the beauty will last for eternity. Yet to reach a point to appreciate the beauty we must strip away the complex layers which we have surrounded ourselves with. This is Mendes point, the need to deconstruct the permeating ideologies within our culture. ï » ¿ Bibliography American Beauty. Dir. Sam Mendes. Dreamworks /Warner Brothers, 1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Marketing of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai Essay

For the successful completion of our report, we would like to express our deep gratitude to all the people who give us help and advise. First and foremost, we are going to give our appreciation to Mr. Wang, the Assistant Sales Director of the Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai. He spent his personal time replying our email to answer our questions and gave us a lot of valuable information and instructions which keep our report going in the right direction. Secondly, we would like to thank our Marketing lecturer, Miss Medico, she provided us with many useful resources and guidance at every stage of writing the report. Clearly, we cannot finish this report smoothly without her help. Last but not least, we would like to thank all our friends for their suggestions and inspiring. Contents Introduction Nowadays, with the rapid development of the hospitality industry in Shanghai, more and more hotels are demanded and built that brings more fierce competition to the hotels. Whether a hotel could capture market share, the most important thing for the hotel is marketing strategies. Correct marketing strategies could make a hotel winning in the competition. Our report is written based on the research of the marketing actuality of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai and focused on analysing its marketing strategies to study how it promotes its product and services. The report is divided into three sections. In the first section, we introduce and give some detailed background information about the hotel including its history, stage in the lifecycle and the product and services the hotel is offering. In the second section, we identify the hotel’s target market and analyse their characteristic. In the last section, the information about the promotional tools or marketing strategies which the hotel is using are given related some examples. After that, it is the findings and analysis of the tools or strategies and our own opinions. Background of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is invested by Shanghai Industrial Holdings Limited Company and managed by a very famous hotel brand, Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts. It is ideally located in the heart of Shanghai’s downtown, adjacent to Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road which are famous as the business, entertainment and shopping centers of Shanghai. It was built in October 2002. The internal and external design of the hotel is blended of Chinese and Western concepts to provide the guests special feelings. Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai has a total of 439 rooms. All of them are comfortably, elaborately decorated and well-equipped with modern guest amenities. The food and beverage products feature Chinese, Japanese and Western style. There are three restaurants, Si Ji Xuan, Shintaro and Steak House, offered three different types food to satisfy all kinds of the guests’ needs. In addition, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is well-known for many important events hold there cause the amazing ballrooms. Health & Fitness Center is including an indoor heated Swimming Pool, Gym, Steam Room, Sauna and Massage. The hotel provide the guests all kinds of services even some of them you cannot imagine! For example, the hotel provide couple guests the couples’ service which is including offering silky pyjamas, classic love stories on DVD and so on. Anyway, the hotel think of everything the guests may need and offer it before guests asking. Therefore, a lot of guests are attracted to stay Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai to have a unforgettable experience. The Lifecycle Stages of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai As a modern city hotel, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai does not have a long history. But only for one decade developing, it has successfully acquired its a mount of fixed customer groups of business leaders, political leaders and super stars. It is inseparable from the adaptable marketing strategies used during different lifecycle stages of the hotel. According to the research they did, there was few Chinese knew Four Seasons Hotels and resorts before Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai built cause that Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is the first Four Seasons Hotel in Chinese Mainland. So during initial developing stage, the primary tasks for its marketing are target market positioning and brand promoting which purpose to build reputation, create the right image of hotel and introduce the product and services to the target market. Through the extension in initial stage, a basic sales network are built and the hotel turns into growth stage. In this stage, the hotel increases spending on advertising, sales promoting and public relations to improve reputation, image and guest loyalty. Now, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is in Maturity stage due to the favorable accumulation of capital and customer groups in initial and growth stages. The operations are on the right track; the market occupancy and profit level are quite high and the product and services are competitive. Therefore, the current work for them are seeking more wide target market and keeping the guest loyalty already gained. Target Market By accurately positioning target market, the hotel could better determine how many potential guests they have; adjust their product and services to preferably satisfy guests’ needs and draft their marketing strategies appropriately. ï ¼Ë†Data offered by Marketing Department of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai, 2012ï ¼â€° According the data which shows the proportions of six different types guests offered by Mr. Wang, we create the pie chart above to make the data intuitional. It shows that Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai’s main target market consists of corporate guests, convention guests, government guests and travelers in 2011. The special location of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is the biggest reason for that corporate guests are the first target market. It is located in the CBD where are full of the top 500 Global enterprises such as Exxon Mobil, Morgan Stanley and Pepsi. So there are many business leaders visiting this area. The second target market is convention guests who always look for the hotels have excellent meeting rooms with large space and various modern meeting equipments. Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is exactly the one can offer all the things they are looking. There are twelve meeting rooms separated into four different size to satisfy all kinds of guests’ needs. The owner of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai, Shanghai Industrial Holdings Limited Company, is established by Shanghai Government. As the most luxury hotel of its industries, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai are always used for entertaining officials. So the government guests is a big part of target market. In addition, a lot of travelers particularly the leisure travelers select Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai for their stays in Shanghai. The various leisure and entertainment facilities such as Health & Fitness Center, Spa and Club, provide them with relaxed and comfortable experience. Moreover, the wonderful food and beverage product and service is another reason for their visit. The Promotion Mix of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai As a member of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts which is one of the most famous and successful hotel groups all over the world, Four Season Hotel Shanghai concluded many effective and efficient marketing strategies to make itself survived from such a competitive condition. Advertising Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for & usually persuasive in nature, about products (goods & services) or ideas by identified sponsor through various media. ( Arens, 2010) Publishing pamphlets and magazines Like other hotels, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai usually promotes its products and services by publishing pamphlets and magazines. The different kinds of magazines can reach different groups of readers. † We just select the magazines which can reach our target markets to promote our products. Determining the way of advertising based on the target markets makes the advertisement more effective and spending less.† ( Wang, 2012) But pamphlets are used more widely than magazines in Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai. Because it can reach and promote more directly to the guests who even have lived in the hotel. For example, during Mid-Autumn Day, the hotel elaborately prepares all kinds of moon cakes for guests. While moon cakes are ready for selling, the Marketing Department designs a pamphlet for promoting the moon cakes and publish the pamphlets. Then the pamphlets appear to everywhere guests could reach. Guests can see it at reception when they are doing check-in or check-out; they can see it on the bed when they arriving the room and on the table of restaurant when they are eating. How big the effects could be by promoting in this way! Online advertising Nowadays, marketing and advertising have been much affected by technology. Online advertising exactly is a outcome of the effect. There are many types of online advertising such as ads on search engine pages, email advertising and banner advertising. Four Season Hotel Shanghai is using the search engine advertising now. The ads of Four Season Hotel Shanghai are delivered on the search results pages of BAIDU which is the biggest search engine in China. Therefore, when people searching some key words related to † hotels in Shanghai† or † restaurants in Shanghai†, the link of official website appears on the right side of the results pages. if people are interested and click the link, page will jump to the official website to make them could reserve the rooms or restaurants. The online advertising communicates much widely and costs lowly. And the effects of advertising can be gathered statistics. Public Relations † Public relations is the technique of communicating favorable information about the operations to the public to create a positive impression. Its ultimate purpose is to create goodwill and increase the number of guests.† (Jack D.Ninemeier, 2010) †Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics.† ( PRSA, 2011) So the key to the success of your operation is creating good relations to the guests, local communities, governments and media. Communicating with public by Internet Today, hotels including Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai try to communicate with public by Internet. Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is using a way called WEIBO which is the most popular social communication tool in China now. The functions of WEIBO are uploading words or pictures or videos to show some fresh informations about the hotel, such as the new promotions, new facilities or products, upcoming events and something else could improve reputation, image and guest loyalty. What’s more, the guests can leave comments to the hotel no matter if they are satisfied and the hotel can reply the comments. That’s an amazing way to communicate and interact with guests even cost nothing. Participate in public service Participating in the social and sponsored public service is an opportunity to improve the social impact and reputation of hotel and win the understanding and praise from the public. On April 28th 2011, to make a long-term commitment to global sustainability, the employees of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai began a tree-planting campaign to contribute to the company’s 10 Million Trees initiative. With the support of Children Health Foundation and Oriental Land, the Hotel’s tree-planting campaign fund will be donated to help Chinese children who suffer from congenital malformations and heart disease.† Our employees in Shanghai are inspired by and fully involved in the company’s commitment to global sustainability.† ( Peter Weber, 2011) Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai enters its ninth year with its original pioneering spirit, setting an example of corporate social responsibility and renewing its commitment to improving the lives of children. ( Hotel News, 2011) Sales Promotion Sales Promotion consists of short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. It includes a variety of promotional tools designed to stimulate earlier or stronger market response. ( Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, 2010) Hotel packages promotion As the first competitive factor in guests’ mind, the price always plays an important role in sales promotion. For hotel packages promotion, the price of package is lower than the total price of the products or services with the same qualities included in the package. So hotel packages promotion strongly stimulates the purchase desire of guests and used widely in various types hotels. Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai designs all kinds of packages for various target markets. For instance, the Romantic Wedding Package is prepared specially for the newlywed holding their wedding in the hotel. To leave a lifetime of memories to the newlywed, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai sets a specially designed ice carving in the ballroom to match the wedding theme. Then during wedding time, the hotel will prepare a champagne tower and a wedding cake which could create a happy wedding atmosphere. After the wedding, a couples spa treatment at Qin Spa is ready for the newlywed to relax. If the newlywed prefer to stay in the hotel for their wedding night, a romantic decoration suite is free for them including a breakfast for two people the following morning. Another amazing thing is that Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai provides the newlywed a gift certificate to celebrate their first anniversary in a restaurant at the hotel chosen by themselves. Anyway, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai offers various packages for different target markets to satisfy their needs. Discount To attract more guests, discount is the way most direct and acceptable. But it is different from other hotels that Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai nearly never use discount to promote their products even in the off season. As Mr. Wang said, Four Season Hotels and Resorts is one of the most luxury and famous hotel brands in the world and target markets for them are the leaders of business and political circles and super stars but not the middle class or less level. The low price is not the primary reason for their target markets to make their choice cause they do not want to see so many middle class or less level people around them in the hotel. Instead, no discount is another way to attract more high level people. And for Four Seasons, there are actually some things more important than revenue like the reputation and loyalty of target market. Conclusion The report explained some information which is necessary to know for Four Season Hotel Shanghai. As a world class hotel, Four Season Hotel Shanghai has gained high reputation since it was built . To maintain the status and revenue level, promoting the products from various channels and ways to improve and expand public relations and strengthen the products’ promotion is very important for the future development of Four Season Hotel Shanghai. Although its reputation have covered all over world, it must keep working hard on marketing in order to attract and retain the guests. Moreover, doing the programs for public good and communicating with guests are very ideal promotional tools also are useful to improve favorable image for Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai. Reference Cultural China.com. (2008). Four Seasons Hotel [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 12.03.2012] Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. (2012). Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 12.03.2012] Hotel News. (2011). Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai Participates in 10 Million Trees Campaign [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 13.03.2012] Sohu Weibo. (2012). Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 13.03.2012] Nolo.com. (2012). Define a Target Market for Your Business [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 14.03.2012] Wikipedia.org (2012). Online Advertising [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 14.03.2012] Mark A. Rosso & Bernard J. Jansen, 2010, ‘ Brand Names as Keywords in Sponsored Search Advertising’, CAIS, vol.27. Rocco M. Angelo & Andrew N. Vladimir, 2011, Hospitality Today. 7th Edition, AH&LA. Philip Kotler, John T. Bowen & James C. Makens, 2010, Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. 5th Edition, Pearson. Ninemeier, J, 2005, Management of Food and Beverage Operations. 5th Edition, AH&LA. John Wilmshurst & Adrian Mackay, 2002, The Fundamentals and Practice of Marketing. 4th Edition. Woburn, MA, Butterworth. 4th Edition, Butterworth – Heinemann.

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